in accordance with international practice, over 10% of the population over the age of 60 or over 65 years of age accounts for more than 7% of the total population, that is, the aging society. The aging of the population is the manifestation of social progress and the result of economic development. At the same time, it also leads to a series of social problems, such as how the elderly are properly supported.
> 90% or more of the post-1980s parents
data show that from 2000 to 2007, the elderly population over 60 years of age increased from 126 million to 153 million, and the proportion of the total population increased from 10.2% to 11.6%, accounting for 21.4% of the global population, equivalent to the sum of the aged over 60 years old. The average annual growth rate of population aging is as high as 3.2%, which is about 5 times that of the total population growth. It is expected that the aged population will reach 240 million people in 2020, accounting for 17.17% of the total population; by 2050, the total population will exceed 400 million, and the aging level will advance to more than 30%.
thus, supporting the elderly has become an important responsibility for the children. However, according to the China Youth newspaper center through the public opinion network and the Interactive Encyclopedia network, a survey of 1612 people, including 40.1% of the only children, found that 58.3% of the people chose to let their parents live in the same neighborhood or nearby, and take care of them. 43.5% of the people are willing to live with their parents and take care of them personally; 24.8% say that their parents live in a foreign place and visit regularly; 7% of them choose to be equipped with life instructors in the community and take regular care of the elderly; only 6.9% are willing to send their parents to institutions such as the nursing home. Among the interviewees, the Post 80 was 57.3%.
a journalist conducted a random survey. After 5 years of work, a journalist said to reporters, "although it has been a long time to take part in the work, the pressure of consumption is great and there is no savings. At the moment, parents can not be supported at all." Subsequently, the reporter interviewed many after 80, in the interviewed group, 99% of them decided that they could not support their parents, of which more than half of the 80s also needed parents to support them. In addition, one of the parents' 50 later told reporters that they had a very good understanding of the Post 80's failure to support 50, and said they did not expect their children to support themselves, and they wanted to help their children's life better.
according to the survey, according to the survey, 74.1% of the people said that the life and work stress was great and the parents were unable to take care of them; 68.4% of the people said they had to bear the burden of the elderly; 50.1% said they were living in two places and unable to take care of their parents; 42% said social security. Medical insurance can not be exchanged in different cities; 37.7% of people say that social care institutions such as nursing homes can not be reassuring.
the population and economic analysis of China's pension policy, "the population and economic analysis of China's pension policy" (hereinafter referred to as "silver China") points out that the vast majority of the people in China rely on their children to support their later years, but because of the current one-child policy, it is conceivable that the only child may have to be supported as adults as they grow longer. Their parents, as well as their parents' parents, demographers call it the "421" problem. This means that the burden on the elderly after the 1980s is increasing.
in a series of interviews, reporters found that after the 1980s, they said they were unable to bear the responsibility of supporting parents. The main reasons were from three aspects:
the life pressure was too large. A real estate company for 3 years, Miss Zhang told reporters that not long ago, now just finished children, but it is because of the economic conditions, and the husband is still living, in addition to the rent, the monthly expense is a large part of the child, so the month is tight, the parents are hard to support.
followed by pressure from work. Facing the competitive employment market, it is not easy to find a stable job, and it is more difficult to find a high salary and stable job. Many practical problems, such as economic independence, can only be forced to engage in high investment and low return.
Mr. Wang, who is engaged in sales work, told reporters that a monthly income of about 5000 yuan, and 1500 yuan a month for the mortgage, the family's living expenses are controlled at 1500 yuan, saving 500 yuan for the children to go to school in the future, the pay of friends and colleagues is controlled at 500 yuan, only 1000 yuan, and then give both home and home some money. Basically, nothing is left.
the pension system is challenged by
the problem of raising the elderly in China can not only be raised by family, but it should gradually turn to social support, that is, the transition from the subject of family responsibility to the state or the subject of social responsibility. However, the imperfection of the current social security system and policy system results in the burden of maintenance.
"35 years ago, the ratio between adults and the elderly with the ability to support the elderly was 6 to 1, but in accordance with the current trend of population change, in 35 years, this proportion will be sharply reduced to 1 to 2." the direct consequence of the relative decrease in labor force and the trend of population aging is China's pension system. It will be seriously challenged!
in the social security system of our country, the construction of endowment insurance system is an essential part. A better pension system is undoubtedly crucial to support the elderly. However, the coverage of endowment insurance is wide and the cost is high. In many countries, it has become a great burden on public finance. In our country, the income of the payment of pension insurance tax can not meet the expenditure of pension insurance. It is necessary to subsidize the endowment insurance fund every year, and this kind of subsidy is still increasing year by year. Both developed and developing countries have to face this worldwide problem. The redistribution function of
is an important function of the pension system. Although the pension system in China is actually a cash payment system, it does not have the redistribution function.
this is because after the reform and opening to the outside world, our country focused on the economic development, overemphasized the efficiency, ignored the social equity, and stepped on a way to strengthen the efficiency and weaken the fairness. After China's reform and opening up, the gap between the rich and the poor is widening. In 1991, the Gini coefficient of China was 0.282, and by 2000 it has reached 0.458, which has increased greatly, and now it has exceeded the internationally recognized warning line of 0.41. China's pension system does not have the function of narrowing the income gap, but there is a tendency of reverse compensation.
in April 20th, at the International Symposium on population and economic analysis of China's pension policy in twenty-first Century, sponsored by the Institute of population and labor economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and CSIS of the American Center for strategic and international research, the president and CEO of JohnJHamre, CSIS (American strategic and international research center) was old to China The aging problem expressed deep concern. "By 2040, the total number of elderly people in China will reach 397 million, exceeding the total population of France, Germany, Italy, Japan and the United Kingdom." One of the main tasks of
Hamre in China is to introduce the study report "silver China", which has been completed over one year of CSIS, which has aroused the high attention of Chinese government officials and experts and scholars.
the report points out that, with the decline of China's birth rate and the extension of life expectancy, by 2015, China's aging population will account for 15% of the total population; by 2030, this proportion will rise to 24%; by 2050, nearly 100 million of the population of China will exceed 80 years. The number of labour force in China today will probably lose 18% to 35% by 2050.
who "paid for the old system"
two authors of "silver China", RichardJackson and NellHowe, warned that the Chinese pension system was originally limited to state-owned enterprises and public sectors, using cash payment system. After the reform in 1997, the state included the private sector employees in basic endowment insurance. The new system mainly includes the pay as you go system and the individual retirement account. Jackson said, "cash payment system relies on existing labor to provide pension for retirees. If" silver hair China "is not very rich, then the meager wages of Chinese workers will be difficult to support the pension burden of an aged society.
personal account is a very good way to solve the pension after the 1997 reform, which embodies the principle of "self accumulation, self guarantee". "But it has not played a good role in China. Private entrepreneurs, including many new employees, are unwilling to pay for this part of the account. " Jackson said, "the reason is that they are unwilling to pay for the old system without funds."
on "paying for the old system", Dr. Wu Yaowu of the Institute for population and labor economics of the Academy of Social Sciences explained that, at the current rate of payment, employees of private enterprises (employees who work after 1997) should pay 24% of their wages, "this is much more than the need to meet the pension treatment they enjoy in the future. The rate of payment. In fact, it is a disguised way for the workers to pay double pension for themselves and those who have worked before the reform. "
after 80, supporting parents can not afford to work. Liu Hong, who works in a Real Estate Company in Beijing
the health problem of both parents is Liu Hong's biggest concern. "What do your parents do when they are old enough to have a big illness?" In the past, there were brothers and sisters taking turns to take care of them. Now there are two husband and wife. I think the country should improve the pension system, medical insurance can transfer in a different way, or see a disease to return to the appointed hospital of the old family, how can the old man be able to stand up? " What are the difficulties of
professor Yao Yuan, the center for research on population and development at Renmin University of China, points out that in the old age, the resource is the resource, one is daily care, a housekeeping service helps the elderly clean up, and the next is to be in bed at a short time. The third is the mental and emotional needs of the elderly, such as taking the elderly out for a walk and contacting the society.
the problem of Chinese elderly support should not rely solely on family support, but it should gradually turn to social support, that is, the transition from the subject of family responsibility to the state or the subject of social responsibility. It is of practical significance to use sociological methods to make serious statistics on this problem and to compare and analyze it with other countries in view of the late start of the population aging but fast development.