for the Western Han Dynasty more than two thousand years ago, the Ji'nan area occupies an important position. In 2004, at the International Symposium on archaeology and Han culture held in Zhangqiu, Liu Qingzhu, who was the director of the Archaeological Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, even thought, "the Dongping mausoleum in the Han Dynasty is equivalent to the present Shanghai."
proves that the importance of the Ji'nan area in the Western Han Dynasty is not only the Dongping mausoleum, but the tomb of the Luozhuang and Han kings in Zhangqiu, the Terracotta Army pit in the mountain and the mausoleum of the Han Dynasty are all conclusive "evidence".
from 1995 to 1996, the archaeologists also excavated a mausoleum of Han Dynasty in double Rushan village, dude Town, Changqing district. Compared with the more than 30 Western Han tombs that have been excavated in the country, the Royal Mausoleum of the north of Han Jizi, Shanxi, is not only large, but also peculiar, clear and unearthed and has become an archaeology of the Han Dynasty in China. Another important achievement was named "one of the ten major archaeological discoveries in 1996". It is particularly rare that the Han Mausoleum of the double milk mountain has not been stolen, so the fruits of the unearthed jade cover belong to one of the most exquisite Han Dynasty Jade covering in the country, and the 20 gold cakes unearthed are the most important of the gold cakes unearthed in the Chinese Han tombs. It is interesting that the tomb owner, Liu Kuan, the king of Ji Bei Kingdom, has a unique fate of committing suicide because of incest.
what kind of archaeological and historical stories about the Wang Mausoleum of the northern country of Shanxi and Han Ji? After 16 years of completion of the excavation, what is the status of the mausoleum? Recently, the reporter visited the site of Wang Ling.
[b] [field visit] [/b]
[b] double milk village in the West hid of the mausoleum of Han Dynasty [/b]
in June 7th, Liu Bin, director of the Changqing District Management Institute, drove to double Rushan with reporters. Driving fifteen kilometers from southwest to Changqing, it is the double milk village of GUI de town. The double breasts of Shanxi, Han, Ji and the North King Mausoleum are deep in the west of the double milk village.
double Rushan is two limestone hillock, the relative height of 20 meters, because the top of the top two things are juxtaposition of large piles, far look like double milk, so named double Rushan.
the royal mausoleum is close to a villager in the north. GUI De area is a famous hometown of garlic. It is the season of garlic harvest. The villagers are busy sorting out dried garlic. The entrance to the king's mausoleum is also filled with garlic.
Wang Ling is located in the eastern part of the mountain of double milk mountain. It is built on the hill as the mausoleum, the rock drilling as the point, and facing the South and facing the north. Because archaeological excavations have long been over, sealing up is now out of sight. Liu Bin told reporters that the earth is covered by a bucket, about 10 meters high, covering an area of 4000 square meters.
the tomb chamber and tomb tunnel under the sealed soil are generally "a" double vertical acupoint type structure, that is, the tomb and the tomb tunnel have a large two layers, divided into two parts, the upper and lower, the upper and lower, the lower and lower depth. At the southern end of the tomb, near the East and west sides of the tomb, there are 1.5 meters of bedrock stone walls protruding inside, symbolizing que gate. The total length of the tombs and the tomb tunnel is 85 meters, the total depth of the tombs is 22 meters, the total depth of the tomb tunnel is 18 meters, the total area is nearly 1500 square meters, and the total chisel is more than 8800 cubic meters. It is the most excavated tomb in the tomb of the Wang Mausoleum of the Han Dynasty.
from the north side of the tomb of Wang Ling to the south, look at both sides of the cliffs perpendicular to the top, as if with an ax to split directly, and it is amazing. The tomb at the end of the tomb is also upright and magnificent.
[b] (Protection Planning) [/b]
[b] protection planning program has reported to the State Cultural Relics Bureau [/b]
Liu Bin told reporters that the twin Rushan mausoleum began to be excavated from 1995, to the end of 1996, causing a sensation in the whole society. In 2001, the double Rushan mausoleum and the nearby unexcavated Fu Lu Shan Han tombs and Dongxin Han tombs were published as the national key cultural relics protection units. Provincial, municipal and district governments at all levels actively raise funds to build a museum of Jinling, so as to make better use of and display their precious cultural heritage. In 1997, the construction of the museum lasted for half a year, but due to various factors such as capital, only the outer walls of the house were built on the tomb.
after the excavation of the archaeological excavation, the cliff walls and the cliff walls of the tombs and tombs are all weathered, which should be protected as soon as the tomb and the tomb tunnel have been exposed to the field for a long time. At the scene, the reporters also saw that some of the rocks on the cliffs had been fragmented, and the small trees on the cliffs began to destroy the cliffs.
Liu Bin said that the tomb of Shandong, which was excavated in 1996, was the No. 1 tomb on the side of double milk. On the west side, there was a No. 2 tomb unexplored. "Because of the early years of mining the mine, the tomb tunnel and the tomb of the unexcavated No. 2 tomb have been partially exposed. Now, the stone mining face is only two or three meters away from the cemetery. In order to protect the two Han tombs that have been excavated and unexplored, we have formulated a protective plan for the mausoleum of the double milk mountain, which has been reported to the National Bureau of cultural relics and is waiting for the approval of the National Bureau of cultural relics.
Liu Bin said the protection scheme includes the reinforcement of the cliff wall and the cemetery, "including the construction of protective buildings on the 1 and 2 tombs. The exhibition hall will be built on the No. 1 tomb. Before designing the exhibition hall, the local cultural relics department specially invited the qualification units to carry out field investigation, and finally formed a pavilion construction plan. If this protective scheme can be approved and approved by the State Administration of cultural relics, the mausoleum of the Han Dynasty will become an important cultural place for the preservation of ruins and the display of cultural relics.
[b] [archaeological origin] under the [/b]
[b] quarry found the mysterious stone pit [/b]
the King Mausoleum of Jinan although deep hidden in the village of double milk, but from a large geographical environment, it is west of the Yellow River, the East looks Taishan, the mountain is the mausoleum, the rock is the cave, and the momentum is extraordinary. Because it is remote and remote, and it is not documented in the literature, so it was not known in history until the middle of the last century.
Liu Bin said that in the 70s of last century, double Rushan became the quarry of local villagers. In the continuous quarry, the tomb of King Ling was exposed. In 1982 and 1983, the cultural relics department of Changqing district and Ji'nan city visited two times to make sure that this is a tomb of Han Dynasty. The relevant departments in Changqing are afraid of serious damage to the tombs, and it is difficult to control sporadic and encroachment of quarrying, and hope to excavate them as early as possible. But for a variety of reasons, the excavation was not carried out.
until June 1995, Ren Xianghong and Cui Da Yong of the Department of Archaeology of the Shandong University were invited to the double Rushan investigation to determine that this was an ancient tomb at the Royal Mausoleum of the Han Dynasty. In view of the serious destruction of the villagers' quarrying, it was decided to carry out the salvage excavation. In October 1995, the Shandong Provincial Bureau of cultural relics, the Department of Archaeology of Shandong University, and the Changqing County Cultural Bureau jointly organized an archaeological team with the approval of the State Administration of cultural relics, and began to excavate the tomb and excavate the work until July 1996. At this point, the archaeologists have finally made clear the structure, scale and coffin of the burial. An astonishing Mausoleum of the king of Han was presented to the world.
[b] (the first view of the country's unique anti-theft measures) [/b]
[b] stone, stone slag backfilling, mud filling [/b]
[/b]
participated in the excavation process of the King Mausoleum of double Rushan, Cui Da Yong told reporters that the Han tombs are also the most likely to cause the Tomb Raider because of the thick burial and rich burial products in the early Western Han Dynasty. Gu, the vast majority of the more than 30 Han tombs excavated throughout the country have been excavated for many times, and some have been stolen more than ten times. So when the archaeological team is in the scene, everyone in the heart is beating the drum: will double Rushan Han Tombs be stolen and dug? This time, will it be possible to pick up the "leftover leftovers" of the tomb robbers?
in the face of everyone's questions, Ren Hong thinks, in three respects, this tomb should be more safe: first, from The burial method of the tomb, the upper part of the stone and stone slag, is an antitheft measure of the ancient people, because such backfilling materials, not only easy to excavate, and easy to collapse, and steal up very dangerous; second, according to the documents, the Changqing area is in the Han Dynasty in the northern state, including the local chronicles of descendants. There are records about the ancient tombs, so it is not easy to attract people's attention; third, the Shanxi side of the double milk has a tomb monument in the Qing Dynasty. In the inscription, double Rushan is not a famous mountain, but it concerns the peace in the village. If someone dare to take the stone for the fishing profit, "so the village is uneasy and the disaster is hard to prevent". Punishment. Although the inscription is superstitious, it plays an important role in protecting ancient tombs objectively.
the results of the archaeological excavation confirmed the speculation of Ren Xiang Hong. In order to guard against burglar, the tomb builder was filled with large stones in the tomb section outside the outer outer coffin. The fill in the middle of the tombs is also tightly rammed. This anti-theft measure was first discovered in the whole country. It is precisely because of such a strict anti-theft measures, although the tomb also has burglar holes, but eventually because of the security measures in place, tomb robbers to retreat, so that the tomb of the king of the world can be intact.
[b] [20 gold cakes] [/b]
[b] of the national one-time unearthed gold cake weight of the most [/b]
Cui Da Yong introduced, through the scientific excavation of the archaeological team and meticulous work, the tomb unearthed jade, gold cake, bronze, gilding, wrong gold and silver, such as more than 2300 pieces, unearthed a large number of articles, utensils integrity, All of them are in the forefront of archaeological discoveries in the Qin and Han Dynasties in Shandong, and are rare material objects for studying the history and social system of the Western Han Dynasty.
it is particularly worth mentioning that the archaeological excavation unearthed 20 gold cakes, of which 19 big gold cakes were placed on the south side of the head of the tomb, and 1 small gold cakes were placed in the lower abdomen of the owner of the tomb. The largest diameter of the golden cake is 6.7 centimeters, the smallest is 6.2 centimeters, the average is 6.4 centimeters, the heaviest 246.9 grams, the lightest 178.5 grams, the average 221 grams. The smallest one is only 3.2 centimeters in diameter and weighs 66.5 grams, with a small hole on it.
the gold money of the Han Dynasty, with copper money, but mainly for major rewards and huge calculation, payment and other activities, the Han Dynasty gold currency unit in a Jin, a gold one jin, value ten thousand. The big gold cake unearthed from Han Tombs in Rushan is worth more than 200 grams each, which is slightly equal to a Jin in Han Dynasty. In the golden cake of the Western Han Dynasty discovered in China, the number of golden cakes unearthed from Han Tombs in Rushan was not the largest, but the weight was the first. In addition, there are many inscriptions and symbols on the unearthed gold cakes. Most of the words are "Wang", and the few are "Qi" or "Qi Wang", and the inscriptions and symbols are all important cultural relics of the state. These engravings and symbols are of great value to the study of the national history of Hebei Province and the economic circulation in the Western Han Dynasty.
[b] (jade covered, carriage) [/b]
[b] shows the dignified status and luxurious life of the tomb owner [/b]
in the jade articles unearthed from the Han Tombs in Rushan, the most exquisite jade covered with jade is extremely rare in the archaeology of the Han Dynasty. When the jade cover is unearthed, it is covered in the face of the master of the tomb. Its combination, shape and structure are very clear. It is made up of 17 pieces of jade pieces and jade nose cover, such as forehead, cheek, cheek, jaw and ear. All parts of it are made of jade directly. The shape of each part and the overall shape are all the realistic wind, the image is vivid and the perforation set for the connection. All concealed on the side of the back, the workmanship is very meticulous. In particular, the nose mask is carved by a whole piece of jade, its shape is a half cone, the inner cut air, the nose beam straight, the two wings micro drum, the penetrating carving with clouds and thunder, the lower end of the two triangular nostrils, the new shape, is the most exquisite of the jade covered up to date.
jade pillow is placed under the head of the master of the tomb. It consists of 14 pieces of jade, such as wood board, jade pillow foot, floor, jade plate, jade edge plate and animal head ornament. The structure is reasonable, the carving craft is very high, the jade pillow is made of green jade carvings, the front is decorated with the hook and the concave mark, and the two sides of the middle are the vortex lines of symmetrical carvings. Constitute the beast's eye, the lower part has separate feet to symbolize the beast's mouth. The jade pillow is well preserved. It is a rare art treasure. The nine orifices of
are composed of orifice, jade earplugs, jade nasal congestion, anal plug, jade shade cover and hand grip. Among them, jade is placed in the mouth of the master of the tomb and is made of cicadas. Two pig shaped jade hands are placed in the hands of the master of the tomb. They are held in the hands of the master of the tomb. They are held in a long column with simple lines, that is, the commonly known "Han eight knife".
it is worth mentioning that two Rushan Han Tombs also unearthed 5 carriages, of which 3 were large cars and 2 were small vehicles for the hell. The 5 cars unearthed 1734 types of copper and iron utility horses and horses and horsemen. Most of them were copper gold-plated and beautifully decorated gold and silver objects. Four of the wrong gold and silver rings, very important and beautiful, there are clouds and thunder, mountain ornamentation, and the mythological pattern of the moon, and the animal modeling of the deer, the tiger, the monkey, the dove, the wild goose, the cranes, the hare, and so on. The pattern is concise and vivid, and the shape is vivid and vivid, M Cho, embedded Fine workmanship, smooth lines, gold, silver and copper contrasted with three colors, which reproduced the advanced aesthetic ideas and superb craftsmanship in the Western Han Dynasty. In the face of these exquisite cultural relics, people can not think of that year. The master of
[b] tomb is mysterious - Liu Kuan, king of [/b]
[b], because of incest suicide [/b]
Cui Da Yong said, double Rushan tomb in Han tombs with double coffin, three coffin, a total of five coffin. According to Han Shu, "the seven sons of the emperor's coffin, five of the princes, three of the doctors, and the heavy weight of the scholars." In the ancient funeral system, the number of coffins marked the rank of the social status of the owner of the tomb, and the five coffin of the Han Tombs in Rushan showed that the owner of the tomb should belong to the rank of the princes.
, although the tomb is definitely the tomb of the royal mausoleum, there are some strange signs in the tomb. First, the 5 pieces of jade in the tomb are the jade, the jade is in general, the traces of carving and processing can be clearly seen on the surface of the utensils. It's great, but there are still signs of haste. The mystery of
can only be untied after determining the identity of the tomb owner. Cui said, according to historical records, the position of the Han Tombs in Rushan should be in the territory of Jinbei, and the Lucheng County, which is about 7 kilometers south of the Changqing City, should be the capital of the Han Dynasty, and the Han Tombs in Rushan are about 5 kilometers in the south of Lucheng. Accordingly, the owner of the tomb should be the king of the northern Hebei Province.
the kingdom of Jinbei was sealed from 178 BC to 87 BC, and there were 5 kings before and after. The 20 Western Han five baht coins found in the double Han Tombs in Rushan provide important clues for determining the identity of the tomb owner. According to Han Shu, Han Wudi began to use five baht money for five years (yuan 118 BC), so the tomb owner's funeral time was definitely five years after Yuan hunting. Only 5 of Liu Kuan, one of the kings of the Jin Bei Kingdom who died during this period, can see that the tomb owner is Liu Kuan. But there was no jade ornament in the tomb and the jade ornaments showing the ritual system, which was not consistent with the burial system of the Han Dynasty Wang Zhengchang's death, which was also related to the abnormal death of Liu Kuan.
Emperor Han Wudi four years (97 BC), Liu Kuan succeeded to become king of the northern Hebei. Later, he committed suicide by committing suicide with his father, his wife, his son, and his wife. That is to say, Liu Kuan was incest in his reign, and he was guilty of cursing the son of heaven and son during the sacrifice. In 87 B.C., he was sent to him by Han Zhao emperor, and when he was arrested in Beijing, Liu Kuan died and the country was removed.
Cui Da Yong believes that this historical event has also been confirmed in the unearthed relics: some of the jade articles unearthed in the burial, which are rough processed, seem to be done for time, which may be related to the abnormal death of Liu Kuan; in addition, there are a large number of gold cakes and exquisite jade covered in the burial burial, but there is no one. Such exquisite artifacts as Wang Muzhong saw by other princes may also be related to Liu Kuan's careless burial.
although Liu Kuan's funeral is a bit "cold", he is a king after all, so his mausoleum is the same as the other Mausoleum of the king of the princes. The carriages he took before his life were quite luxurious, all of which were commensurate with his former identity. "Wang Hou in the Han Dynasty, usually from his succession, began to build his mausoleum. Liu Kuan may have done this, and he certainly didn't think he would die so early, so the funeral goods of the kind of jade clothes were not ready to be prepared." This is exactly what we saw in the excavation of the Han Tombs in Rushan.