source:
China News Network />
the stone grinding plate unearthed from the Xihe site and the stone grind rod in this edition are taken by reporter Huang Zhongming
[b] [[b]] [/b]
Ieoh Ming Pei, a great architect, once said, "we are only tourists on the earth, coming and going, but the city is always there." A city that has to exist forever will be unimaginable without its own history.
Quancheng Ji'nan, a famous historical and cultural city, as early as the post Li culture period about eight thousand years ago, our ancestors lived and thrived on this land. Since ancient times, Ji'nan has been a hub connecting the northeast, Beijing Tianjin and southeast coastal areas. Due to its important geographical position, many historical relics and historical sites have been left behind. The Shang Dynasty's Shang Dynasty Oracle Oracle, the discovery of the bronze ware, the tomb of the Luozhuang and Han Dynasty, the unearthed of the Terracotta Army in Guanshan, and the ruins of a large number of urban areas are of great significance to the display of the historical style of the ancient city of Ji'nan.
in 2013, the Tenth China Art Festival is to be held in Ji'nan. At present, the whole city is working on "speeding up scientific development and building a beautiful spring city". Under such a background, we specially launch a series of "archaeological Ji'nan" series. We hope that through the rearrangement of many archaeological excavations in Ji'nan, we will present a rich historical and cultural picture of Ji'nan for the readers to understand this city more, enjoy the city and love the city.
[b] is underground about 200 meters northwest of Longshan three village, Longshan Town, Zhangqiu. It is buried 8000 years ago by the remains of the Ji'nan ancestors and the ruins of the West River: can the site park be built?
archaeology Ji'nan, we should start with the Xihe ruins, a national key cultural relic protection unit.
the Xihe site belongs to the post Li culture. The post Li culture was in the 90s of last century. When the archaeologists in our province excavated the Linzi Li site in Zibo, we found a new cultural heritage identified for the first time. Its age is about 85007500 years ago, and lasted for about 1000 years. At present, there are nearly 20 remnants of the later li culture found. The Xihe site is one of the largest and most representative post Li cultural sites. According to the 14 dating of the site, the site is about
77008400 years ago. It is the most important archaeological culture of the early Neolithic age found in Shandong. Remains。
the villagers in Longshan three villages call the Xihe River from the west to the north around the ruins, and the West River ruins are named after that. The excavation of the Xihe site is highly valued by archaeologists. The excavation in 1997 was named "one of the ten major archaeological discoveries in 1997" and was awarded the three prize of field archaeology issued by the State Administration of cultural heritage. In June 2001, approved by the State Council, the Xihe site was published as the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.
[b] on-site visit: [/b]
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[b] field buried 8000 years ago the ancestors left [/b]
from the industrial North Road East, 102 provincial roads can go to Zhangqiu, many people have run this road, but perhaps few people know that in the Longshan Town, Longshan three village in the Longshan town of the 102 provincial road, it is about 200 meters in the northwest. Underground, buried in a deep national key cultural relics protection site Xihe ruins. After three archaeological excavations in 1991, 1997 and 2008, one of the largest, best preserved and most typical Shandong Neolithic sites in Shandong was present. According to the 14 carbon dating of the site, the site was about 77008400 years ago. The unearthed pottery and ruins of many houses clearly show the village life 8000 years ago.
recently, under the guidance of Tian Jibao, curator of the city cliff Museum, the reporter came to the northwest of Longshan three village about 200 meters. The 102 provincial road passes from here and stands on the side of the road and looks northward. People are busy in a brick factory. There is a protection sign engraved on the side of the road. When the car came to the car, it can't see any difference in this place. But the ruins below this land record the life of the Jinan people 8000 years ago.
[b] archaeological story: [/b]
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[b] two big chicken fume to precious stone grinding disc [/b]
Xihe site is in the early Neolithic age. The use of grindstone is the symbol of the stage of the development of material and culture in this period. Therefore, in addition to many pottery, the West River ruins unearthed a large number of stone tools. Stone implements include stone axes, stone shovels, stone sickle, stone grindstones, stone rods and so on.
there is a large and complete stone disc and a matching stone bar in the Museum of the city's Cliff ruins near the West River ruins. Speaking of the origin of the stone mill, there are quite a few twists and turns.
one day in 1999, Tian Jibao, the director of the Museum of the ruins of the city Zi cliff, went to a village near the site of the West River to carry out a field archaeological survey. A big block of stone placed at the door of a family called the house of a village family name caused his attention. Looking closer, Tian Ji Bao could not help but excitedly: "is this something from the West River ruins?" He immediately went to the villagers' house and asked about the origin of the stone mill. It turned out that the stone was dug out of the soil in his own field near the site of the West River. He was only a stone and saw the surface very smooth, so he took home to be a stone bench at the door. Tian Jibao said to Lao Du, "this is a cultural relic. It has important archaeological value and historical research value." Lao Dui said with astonishment, "since this stone is a cultural relic, I dedicate it to the government." Tian Jibao said, "you have contributed to the country's cultural relics, and I want to reward you with two good cigarettes." Lao Du said, "I can't afford a good cigarette. I'll buy two at random." Tian Jibao bought two big chicken fuses for him, and then let people carry them away. Lao Du also took out a stone bar and asked Tian Ji Bao if he didn't need it. Tian Jibao saw that the stone mill and stone mill were originally a set. In this way, two large chicken smoke were exchanged for a precious stone disc. It has been identified by many archaeologists and experts in the province. This is the largest and most complete stone millstone and stone rod in the post Li culture period.
[b] protective backfilling: [/b]
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the site park created a condition [/b]
Xihe ruins three archaeological excavations in 1991, 1997 and 2008. In a rescue excavation conducted in 1991, archaeologists discovered the first complete Neolithic housing site.
in 1997, the provincial road, which was built on the Xihe site, began to work again. The archaeologists carried out the salvage excavation, and solved two problems that were not solved in the first excavation: there were no doorways and no column holes on the house site. After the emergency excavation of the highway construction, in order to protect the site, the archaeologists have backfilled the site, which is to cover the archaeological site with plastic cloth, the sand of the Yangtze River, and rammed with yellow clay to restore to the original ground. This backfill is designed to better protect the site so that the site can be rendered as it is.
[b] planning proposal: [/b]
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[b] group site park shows ancient cultural development sequence [/b]
10 years ago, Tong Peihua and Lan Yufu put forward suggestions in the article "excavation of the Zhangqiu West River Site" and suggested protection and display of a series of cultural sites excavated in Zhangqiu. Zhangqiu region is one of the important birthplaces of Chinese civilization, and contains a complete and clear sequence of ancient cultural development. We have searched the information of the national historical and cultural cities of the national level, and found that no one, like Ji'nan, has a history of 8000 years, and it has been carried on and has long been unfailing. This is a unique historical and cultural resource with high cultural taste and no other people.
Tong Peihua and Lan Yufu further called for the establishment of Longshan Cultural Relics Park in Zhangqiu. "This park is group type. The focus is on the Xihe site (Longshan Town), Jiaojia site (party family town), the ruins of city Zi Cliff (Longshan Town), Wang Tusu site (ningjibu town), the Gucheng (Longshan Town) of Dongping mausoleum and the tomb of Luozhuang Han (jujube garden) The town) and so on. The basic idea is to combine protection and exhibition, and do some limited excavation to simulate some ancient relics with ornamental value. In addition, some traffic and service facilities should be appropriately increased. If the idea can be integrated into the social development plan and put into practice, it will have enormous social benefits and far-reaching impact. How did we live before
[b]8000 years ago? [/b]
70 square meters, the most large room, the largest room, the largest room of 70 square meters; cooking with pottery, cooking; take the marriage system, the early Neolithic Age of the matriarchal clan society
Qian Huanqing
through the three excavation of the Xihe site, through observation excavated in the remains of the remains and remains, 8 000 years ago, the life of the Jinan people could be vividly displayed in front of us.
[b] housing half hole Chaoyang house, the largest 70 square meters, the room is divided into residential, cooking, activity area [/b]
and let us first look at the 8000 years ago the Ji'nan ancestors' house is like.
Liu Yanchang, a researcher at Shandong Provincial Institute of cultural relics and archaeology, took part in the two excavation of the Xihe site. Liu Yanchang believes that a large number of house ruins exposed at the Xihe ruins clearly show the living quarters of the Jinan people 8000 years ago.
with a house site first excavated in 1991 as an example, we can clearly see the housing situation at that time
more than 50 square meters, similar to the size of the house of two rooms and one hall in the city. At that time the house was not built from the ground, but a half hole, which was to dig a 45 - centimeter deep pit from the ground first, and then build the upper part of the house on the ground. The house is rectangular, but the four corners of the house are round. The walls and the ground are flat.
houses basically face south, which can maximize the brightness and heat of the sun. The direction of the houses also shows that the ancient people had a clear understanding of the law of the sun rising from the East and falling from the West.
is facing the kitchen area after entering the door. The cooking area is similar to the present kitchen. "Kitchen" is in the middle, not only because of the importance of eating, but also because it can warm the whole house.
the left side of the kitchen is the western part of the house. It is a residential area of about 20 square meters. Estimated from the area, it should be able to live about 10 people. There is a thin yellow paste on the wall of the residential area. After burning it hard, the ancient people used it to beautify the living environment and achieve the damp proof effect. What you can imagine is that with this layer of yellow mud paste, it is sure that there is no need to worry about the pollution of the decoration of the walls.
the eastern part of the house is an activity area, which is equivalent to the living room of the present people, but this living room is not the other living room. The activity areas of the ancestors were mainly used for working, and tools for processing stone and stone discs and stone sickle should be completed in this area.
in the three archaeological excavation of the Xihe site, a total of nearly 30 houses were found. The houses were arranged in rows, with doors and posts. The internal structure and orientation are basically the same. There are thirty or forty square meters of small houses and more than 70 square meters of large houses. It can be seen that this period of housing construction technology has reached a fairly high level. The construction of the entire settlement should be unified planning and one-off layout. At that time, the construction of large houses with a span of seven or eight meters and a total area of more than 50 square meters was a shocking project at that time.
[b] cooking pottery kettle, cooking stove, drinking rice porridge, has not completely by collection, hunting life [/b]
cooking area has three sets of cooking range, one of the larger group, the other two smaller. This stove can be regarded as the precursor of the rural cooking stove nowadays. The stove is made up of three stony feet, and there is a sunken fire pond in the three feet, and there is a stone stove door in front of it.
interestingly, although the kitchen door is facing the door of the house, it is not just facing the gate, but slightly biased. This is a very clever practice: if the door is completely wrong, the wind of the door does not go into the door, and it is not good to fire; but if it is facing the gate, the wind is too big to waste firewood. One of the three groups of burning stoves is still left with a ceramic pot base. This scene makes it easy to imagine a smoky, lifelike picture of drinking and drinking.
What about the "food" of the ancestors?
archaeologists have found something left at the bottom of the pottery kettle. These things are very much like cooking paste. The plant archaeological Laboratory of the Department of Archaeology of Shandong University found the ingredients of millet from the remaining things, that is to say, 8000 years ago, the Ji'nan ancestors ate millet.
during the excavation, the archaeologists paid attention to the collection of soil samples from the beginning to the end. Then the plant archaeological laboratory was asked to carry out flotation and detection and found the carbonized rice, but whether it was artificial rice or not, further research was needed. But it is certain that 8000 years ago, the ancestors of Ji'nan did not live entirely by collecting and hunting. There must have been primitive agriculture.
[b] pottery pottery art is still more primitive, pottery color different [/b]
have a burning stove, have millet, the ancestors are to use what kind of "pot" to cook, and what kind of "bowl" to eat? This refers to the most important container pottery in the life of our forefathers. Now we see a bottle, a bowl is very common, in fact, the invention of the container is an important progress in the history of human civilization. The progress of human civilization is always accompanied by the progress of the container, the pottery is a container, the porcelain, the copper are the containers, and the computer hard disk is also a container.
and 8000 years ago, what containers did Ji'nan first use? At the archaeological site, workers can always find a row of pottery kettle and pottery in the house. The pottery kettle is divided into large, medium and small models. The pot is cylindrical and the bottom is round, so that it can be conveniently placed on the stove. First, the pottery pot and earthenware can be used for food and water.
pottery technology at that time is not very developed, because the burning of pottery is not very good, so the color of pottery is not very uniform, some are red brown, and some are green and gray. People mixed sand into clay to make pottery more fireproof. The way
pottery is generally divided into two kinds. A little primitive is the "mud flakes Plaster" technique. It is to dig a pit on the ground first, and then paste a piece of mud into the shape of a piece. A little later is the method of "mud plate building", which is to build Tao Qipan with mud bar. When you are doing your mouth part, you often turn the mouth out of some mud bars to facilitate the use of your hand after firing. Then a nail is used to compact the out of the mouth. In many unearthed pottery cauldron, the traces of nail compacted along the outside are clearly visible. This is how the ancestors made practical pottery with one hand and one by one, and opened the light of civilization of Chinese ceramic art bit by bit.
[b] social form matriarchal society, the house of thirty or forty to more than 70 square meters of houses found by [/b]
Xihe site of the public housing system is nearly 30. It is estimated that a large house of 40 to 50 square meters can live more than a dozen people, and a small house of more than 30 square meters can also live seven or eight people. According to the general rules of human reproduction and reproduction, a group of more than a dozen people living in the same unit, at least three or four generations of consanguineous relations, may be a core family linked by the matriarchy. It is calculated that the houses of the West River site may contain a clan of a number of core families, or may be a place where a few clans are reassembled into a cell family.
in other words, a row of houses at the site of the Xihe site is a family composed of several core families. A number of rows of houses form a clan of a number of families, and finally a colony of one or two clans. This should be a more common social structure at that time. At this time, the social form also belongs to the matriarchal clan society. Therefore, some scholars believe that the social form of this period is still in the stage of visiting the public housing system.